Historical wealth confiscation and capital controls by country and decade (1900–2000). Russia and China show the most sustained confiscation risk; even the US experienced gold confiscation (Executive Order 6102, 1933). Capital controls preceded and accompanied wealth confiscation in nearly all cases. For investors: the presence of capital controls is a leading indicator of wealth confiscation risk — the sequence is typically capital controls → wealth confiscation, not the reverse. No major power has been immune to either measure, including nominally liberal democracies in wartime.