As of 2019, the USD accounts for 51% of global central bank reserves — down from ~70% in 2000. The Chinese yuan accounts for only 2% despite China having the world’s largest economy (PPP). This gap between real-economy share and financial/reserve share is the key tension: China’s yuan has far to travel to match its economic weight. EUR at 20% is the second reserve currency but declining. Gold at 12% reflects central bank re-accumulation post-2008 — particularly by Russia and China, diversifying away from USD reserves.